The MSRP Concept Award mechanism is designed to support the exploration of a highly innovative new concept or untested theory that addresses an important problem relevant to MS. Innovation and novelty of the concept are key features of this award mechanism. The Concept Award is not intended to support a logical progression of an already established research project but, instead, supports high-risk studies that have the potential to reveal entirely new avenues for investigation. Innovative research may introduce a new paradigm, challenge existing paradigms, look at existing problems from new perspectives, or exhibit other uniquely creative qualities. This may include high-risk, potentially high-gain approaches to MS research, provided that the scientific rationale supports the feasibility and development of the proposed concept. Research that is an incremental advance upon published data is not considered innovative. Inclusion of preliminary data is strongly discouraged. This award is not intended to support ongoing work; therefore, the existence and presentation of preliminary data suggests that the proposed research would be more appropriately submitted to the FY10 MSRP Idea Award mechanism. Use of human subjects and human anatomical substances is limited.