Thirty-one male participants were selected with a mean age of 33 ± 5 years and were grouped into three categories: wheelchair athletes, long-distance runners, and healthy controls. Participants' medical histories were checked to make sure they had no known cardiovascular disease or were taking any cardioactive medications. Once the participants were selected, body weight and composition were recorded. Left ventricle (LV) diastolic dimension, systolic dimension, wall thickness, and left atrial size were measured by echocardiograms. LV filling was assessed utilizing a Doppler echocardiogram, and arm ergometer exercise testing with expiratory gas analysis was conducted to collect all data necessary for statistical analysis.